What items should be included in the physical examination

The physical examination items should be selected comprehensively based on age, gender, occupation, and personal health status. Basic items include blood routine, urine routine, liver function, kidney function, blood glucose, blood lipids, electrocardiogram, abdominal ultrasound, etc. Special examinations can be conducted to increase high-risk factors.

1. Basic project

Blood routine can screen anemia, infection and other blood system problems, and urine routine can help to find urinary system diseases or diabetes. Liver function tests cover indicators such as transaminase and bilirubin, reflecting the metabolic status of the liver. Renal function is evaluated by creatinine and urea nitrogen to assess renal filtration function. The detection of blood glucose and lipid has an early warning effect on metabolic diseases such as diabetes and hyperlipidemia. Electrocardiogram can capture cardiac abnormalities such as arrhythmia and myocardial ischemia. Abdominal ultrasound can observe structural changes in organs such as liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, and kidney.

2. Tumor screening

It is recommended to increase tumor marker testing for people over 40 years old, such as screening for liver cancer with alpha fetoprotein and assisting in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal tumors with carcinoembryonic antigen. Women need to undergo regular breast ultrasound or mammography, combined with HPV testing and cervical cytology examination to prevent cervical cancer. Men over the age of 50 should undergo prostate-specific antigen testing. Long term smokers need low-dose spiral CT to screen for lung cancer, and gastroscopy can visually detect early gastrointestinal cancer lesions.

3. cardiovascular and cerebrovascular assessment

Hypertensive patients need to improve dynamic blood pressure monitoring and carotid ultrasound. For high-risk individuals with coronary heart disease, it is recommended to undergo cardiac ultrasound, exercise stress testing, or coronary CT. Homocysteine and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein testing can help assess the risk of vascular inflammation. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound can preliminarily assess cerebral blood flow status, and if necessary, perform head CT or MRI to investigate cerebral vascular lesions.

4. Bone and Joint Examination

Bone density testing is particularly important for postmenopausal women and elderly people, as it can detect osteoporosis early. Rheumatoid factor and anti CCP antibodies are helpful for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Lumbar spine or joint X-rays can display degenerative lesions, while electromyography can evaluate peripheral nerve damage. Long term desk workers should pay attention to cervical MRI results, and manual laborers should pay attention to knee joint MRI examinations.

5. Personalized supplement

Long term dust exposure requires lung function examination and chest CT. hepatitis B carriers should regularly monitor the viral load and liver elasticity imaging. It is recommended that individuals preparing for pregnancy undergo TORCH screening and genetic testing for genetic diseases. Individuals with a family history can undergo specific genetic testing, such as BRCA gene mutation screening, depending on the situation. Long term drug users need to focus on monitoring drug-related liver and kidney injury indicators. After the physical examination, a complete report should be kept and a health record should be established. Abnormal indicators should be rechecked under the guidance of a doctor or treated with a specialist. Maintain a balanced diet and regular exercise in daily life, avoid staying up late and excessive alcohol consumption. People under 40 years old should have a physical examination at least once every two years, and those over 40 years old are recommended to have a comprehensive examination every year. Chronic disease patients should shorten the follow-up period according to medical advice. Three days before the physical examination, it is necessary to have a light diet and avoid vigorous exercise. Fasting for 8-12 hours is recommended to ensure the accuracy of blood testing.