What items should be checked in gynecological examinations for postmenopausal women?

postmenopausal women's gynecological examinations usually require routine gynecological examinations, breast examinations, bone density testing, cervical cancer screening, pelvic ultrasound, and other items. Postmenopausal women have decreased hormone levels in their bodies, which can lead to problems such as osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, and gynecological tumors. Regular physical examinations can help detect diseases early.

1. Routine gynecological examination

Routine gynecological examination includes visual and palpation of the external genitalia, vagina, and cervix, which can observe whether there is atrophy, inflammation, tumors, and other conditions in the external genitalia. Doctors will use a speculum to examine the vagina and cervix, observing whether the vaginal mucosa has shrunk or become thinner, whether there are any abnormal secretions, and whether there are lesions such as erosion and polyps in the cervix. Postmenopausal women are prone to senile vaginitis due to thinning of the vaginal mucosa, manifested as symptoms such as vaginal dryness, itching, and burning sensation.

2. Breast examination

Breast examination includes breast palpation and breast ultrasound or mammography. The incidence rate of breast cancer in postmenopausal women is increasing. Breast examination is helpful to detect breast mass, calcification and other abnormalities in the early stage. Breast palpation can check for lumps, nodules, skin changes, etc. in the breast. Breast ultrasound is suitable for women with dense breast tissue and can distinguish between cystic and solid masses. Breast molybdenum target is sensitive to calcification and is an important means of screening breast cancer.

3. Bone density testing

Bone density testing can evaluate the degree of osteoporosis. After menopause, estrogen levels decrease, bone loss accelerates, and osteoporosis is more likely to occur. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry is a commonly used method for measuring bone density, which can measure the bone density of the lumbar spine and femoral neck. Osteoporosis has no obvious symptoms in the early stage, but may develop problems such as lower back pain, height reduction, and fractures in the later stage. Regular monitoring of bone density can help evaluate the risk of fractures.

4. Cervical cancer screening

Cervical cancer screening includes cervical cytology examination and human papillomavirus testing. Postmenopausal women still need to undergo regular cervical cancer screening as HPV infection may persist. Cervical cytology examination can detect abnormal changes in cervical cells, while HPV testing can screen for high-risk HPV infections. The combination of two examinations can improve the detection rate of cervical precancerous lesions. Even if vaccinated against HPV, regular screening is still necessary.

5. Pelvic ultrasound

Pelvic ultrasound can examine the condition of pelvic organs such as the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. After menopause, ovarian atrophy should not occur, and under normal circumstances, ovarian lumps should not be palpable. Pelvic ultrasound can detect lesions such as uterine fibroids, ovarian cysts, and endometrial thickening. Transvaginal ultrasound has high resolution and is suitable for postmenopausal women. Endometrial thickening may be a sign of endometrial cancer and requires further examination. Postmenopausal women should undergo a comprehensive gynecological examination once a year, and avoid vaginal flushing and the use of vaginal medications before the examination. Pay attention to a balanced diet, supplement calcium and vitamin D in moderation, engage in moderate exercise such as walking, yoga, etc., and avoid smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. Maintain a regular schedule, control weight, and monitor blood pressure and blood sugar. If symptoms such as abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, and discomfort during urination occur, seek medical attention promptly. Regular physical examinations and a healthy lifestyle can help postmenopausal women maintain their health.