What are the items for urine examination in physical examination

Physical examination and urine testing usually include urine routine, urine sediment examination, urine protein quantification, urine glucose detection, urine ketone body detection, and other items. Urinalysis is mainly used to screen for urinary system diseases, metabolic diseases, and systemic diseases. Different items can reflect kidney function, blood glucose control, infections, and other conditions.

1. Urine routine

Urine routine is a basic screening item, which includes physical property tests such as urine color, transparency, acidity, and specific gravity, as well as chemical indicators such as urine protein, urine sugar, and urobilinogen. Abnormal routine urine test may indicate urinary system infection, nephritis or diabetes, which needs to be further diagnosed in combination with other examinations. Before the examination, avoid vigorous exercise and collect mid morning urine for testing.

2. Urine sediment examination

observes the visible components in urine, including red blood cells, white blood cells, epithelial cells, casts, and crystals, through centrifugal precipitation. Increased red blood cell count may indicate stones or nephritis, elevated white blood cell count is common in urinary tract infections, and abnormal casts may be associated with glomerular diseases. Before the examination, it is necessary to clean the external genitalia to avoid leaving samples during menstruation that may affect the results.

3. Urine protein quantification

evaluates renal filtration function through 24-hour urine protein quantification or random urine protein creatinine ratio. Persistent proteinuria may be the manifestation of diabetes nephropathy, hypertensive renal damage or primary nephropathy. Before the examination, high protein diet should be avoided, and the total amount of urine collected within 24 hours should be accurately recorded and mixed before sampling.

4. Urine glucose test

is used to screen diabetes and monitor blood glucose control. Positive urine glucose usually indicates that blood glucose exceeds the renal glucose threshold, which may be caused by diabetes, hyperglycemia during pregnancy or renal diabetes. However, urine glucose testing has a lag and cannot replace blood glucose testing. It is not necessary to fast before the examination, but it is necessary to avoid consuming large amounts of sugary foods in a short period of time.

5. Urine ketone body detection

Ketone body is a fat metabolite, and positive is commonly seen in diabetes ketosis, chronic hunger or low carbohydrate diet. The risk of ketoacidosis in patients with diabetes should be alert to the presence of urinary ketone bodies. Avoid excessive dieting before examination, and seek medical attention promptly if pregnant women with severe vomiting test positive for ketones. 24 hours before the urine test, normal diet and water intake should be maintained, and vigorous exercise or excessive intake of vitamin C should be avoided to interfere with the results. When collecting urine, pay attention to cleaning the perineum and taking midstream urine to reduce contamination. During menstruation, women should avoid menstrual blood contamination and postpone examinations if necessary. If the result is abnormal, it is recommended to have a follow-up examination and further evaluate it in combination with blood tests, imaging, etc. Pay attention to drinking enough water in daily life to avoid suffocation. Those with a history of diabetes or hypertension need to regularly monitor microalbuminuria.