What items should be included in a normal physical examination

Normal physical examination should include basic examination, blood test, imaging examination, and specialized screening, and specific selection should be based on age, gender, and health status.

1. Basic examination

Basic examination covers the measurement of routine indicators such as height, weight, and blood pressure. By calculating body mass index, the risk of obesity can be preliminarily assessed, and blood pressure monitoring can help detect hypertension tendencies. Doctors will examine surface organs such as the skin, lymph nodes, and thyroid gland to observe for any abnormal signs. Fundus examination and oral examination are usually included in the basic items, which can reflect early signals of some systemic diseases.

2. Blood test

Blood routine test can understand changes in the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Blood glucose detection is very important for diabetes screening. Liver and kidney function tests can evaluate the metabolic status of organs. The four tests of blood lipids can determine the risk of arteriosclerosis. Tumor biomarker detection needs to be selectively carried out based on individual risk factors.

3. Imaging examination

Chest X-ray can screen for lung diseases. Abdominal ultrasound can observe the structure of organs such as the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen. Female breast ultrasound or mammography is suitable for screening breast cancer. electrocardiogram examination is a preliminary screening method for cardiovascular diseases. Bone density testing is helpful for the diagnosis of osteoporosis in middle-aged and elderly people.

4. Specialized screening

Ophthalmic examination includes assessment of vision, intraocular pressure, and fundus. Ear, nose and throat examination can detect hearing loss or nasopharyngeal lesions. Oral examination focuses on dental caries and periodontal health. Men over 40 years old are recommended to increase their prostate-specific antigen testing. Women need to undergo regular gynecological examinations and cervical cancer screening.

5. Functional assessment

Pulmonary function testing can determine the health status of the respiratory system. Exercise load testing can help identify potential coronary heart disease. gastrointestinal endoscopy is suitable for individuals with digestive symptoms or high-risk groups. Psychological assessment questionnaires can screen for anxiety and depression tendencies. Cognitive function testing is of great significance for early diagnosis of dementia. The selection of physical examination items should consider risk factors such as personal family history and lifestyle. Young people can focus on basic projects and infectious disease screening, while middle-aged and elderly people need to increase chronic disease and tumor related examinations. It is recommended to undergo a comprehensive physical examination once a year, and those with special health problems should adjust their examination frequency according to medical advice. Before the physical examination, it is necessary to fast for 8-12 hours and avoid vigorous exercise. Women should avoid their menstrual period. Abnormal results should be promptly reviewed with medical attention, and establishing a continuous health record can help detect and intervene in diseases early.