What is the urine routine examination for physical examination

Routine urine examination of physical examination is mainly used to assess the health status of urinary system, which can screen kidney disease, urinary tract infection, diabetes, etc. The examination items include urine specific gravity, pH, urine protein, urine sugar, urine ketones, urobilinogen, urine bilirubin, nitrite, leukocyte esterase, red blood cells, white blood cells, casts, crystals, etc.

1. Urine specific gravity and pH:

Urine specific gravity reflects the ability of the kidneys to concentrate and dilute urine, and the normal range is usually between 1.015-1.025. Abnormal urine specific gravity may be related to excessive or insufficient water intake and impaired kidney function. The acidity and alkalinity reflect the metabolic status of the body. Normal urine is mostly weakly acidic, with a pH value of about 6.0. Dietary structure, medication use, or certain diseases such as gout and renal tubular acidosis can cause changes in acidity or alkalinity.

2. Urine protein and urine sugar:

Urine protein is an important indicator for screening kidney damage. Under normal circumstances, urine only contains trace protein. If positive, it may be related to glomerulonephritis, hypertensive kidney damage, diabetes nephropathy and other diseases. The positive urine glucose indicates that the blood glucose level may exceed the renal reabsorption capacity, which is common in diabetes or stress state. Attention should be paid to physiological factors such as intense exercise and fever, which may also lead to transient urinary protein positivity.

3. Urine ketone body and urobilinogen:

Urine ketone body is an intermediate product of fat metabolism. Positive results can be seen after diabetes ketoacidosis, long-term hunger, severe vomiting or strenuous exercise. The elevated levels of bilirubin metabolites absorbed by the intestine and excreted through urine may be related to hemolytic diseases and liver cell damage. Positive urine bilirubin indicates intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary obstruction or hepatocellular jaundice.

4. Nitrite and leukocyte esterase:

Positive nitrite usually indicates bacterial infection in the urinary system, especially bacteria such as Escherichia coli that can reduce nitrate to nitrite. White blood cell esterase is an enzyme released after the destruction of white blood cells. A positive result indicates the presence of white blood cells in urine, which is indirect evidence of urinary tract infection. When two indicators are combined positive, the possibility of urinary tract infection is higher, but a single positive should be judged based on clinical symptoms.

5. Red blood cells, white blood cells, casts, and crystals:

Increased red blood cells in urine are called hematuria and can be seen in glomerulonephritis, urinary system stones, tumors, or trauma. Increased white blood cell count indicates inflammation of the urinary system, such as pyelonephritis and cystitis. Tube type is a cylindrical substance formed within the renal tubules. Transparent tube type can be seen in healthy individuals, but abnormal tube types such as granular tube type and red blood cell tube type are associated with renal parenchymal injury. An increase in urinary crystals may be related to diet, metabolic abnormalities, or a tendency to form stones. A large amount of calcium oxalate crystals should be alert to the risk of oxalate stones. The results of urine routine examination should be comprehensively judged based on clinical symptoms, and a single abnormality does not mean a diagnosis of disease. It is recommended to avoid vigorous exercise before examination and to take mid morning urine. Women should avoid their menstrual period. If abnormal indicators are found, further kidney function and urinary system ultrasound examinations should be conducted under the guidance of a doctor. Daily attention should be paid to drinking sufficient water, avoiding holding urine, and keeping the perineum clean, which can help maintain the health of the urinary system.