What is the difference between endorphins and dopamine

Endorphins and dopamine are two different neurotransmitters, with the main differences being their mechanisms of action and functional effects. Endorphins are mainly associated with pain relief and pleasure, while dopamine is associated with reward mechanisms and motivational behavior.

Endorphins are endogenous opioid peptides secreted by the pituitary gland and central nervous system, which can alleviate pain and produce a sense of calm and pleasure. The pleasure generated after exercise and the pain relief after capsaicin stimulation are both related to the release of endorphins. Its effect is similar to that of natural painkillers, acting by activating μ - opioid receptors, and long-term release may help improve stress tolerance. Dopamine is synthesized by neurons in the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain and dominates the regulation of the reward circuit in the brain. When an individual receives an unexpected reward or achieves a goal, elevated dopamine levels in multiple brain regions reinforce relevant behavioral memory. The satisfaction brought by addictive substance stimulation and social recognition depends on the dopamine pathway. This substance also participates in motor coordination and decision-making processes, and degeneration of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra of Parkinson's disease patients can lead to motor dysfunction. Maintaining regular exercise can promote the secretion of two substances simultaneously, aerobic exercise can stimulate the release of endorphins to alleviate anxiety, and setting and completing small goals can activate the dopamine system. It is recommended to balance neurotransmitter levels through mindfulness meditation and avoid relying on external stimuli for temporary pleasure. When experiencing sustained low mood or lack of behavioral motivation, professional psychological assessment should be sought in a timely manner.