What are the psychological disorders in adolescents

Adolescent psychological disorders mainly include depression, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and eating disorders. These diseases may be caused by genetic factors, family environment, academic pressure, social distress, and abnormal brain development, and require professional assessment, diagnosis, and intervention.

1. Depression

Adolescent depression is characterized by sustained negative emotions, decreased interest, or self denial, often accompanied by sleep disturbances or changes in appetite. The onset of the disease may be related to family conflicts or campus bullying, and some cases may have abnormal serotonin system function. Cognitive behavioral therapy can be used for psychological treatment, and antidepressants such as fluoxetine hydrochloride should be used according to medical advice.

2. Anxiety disorder

Separation anxiety or generalized anxiety is more common in adolescents, with somatic symptoms such as palpitations and excessive worry. Competition for further education or strained parent-child relationships are common triggers, and overactivation of the amygdala may exacerbate symptoms. Progressive muscle relaxation training combined with psychological education can alleviate symptoms, but in severe cases, medication intervention such as paroxetine should be considered. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, which are associated with delayed development of the prefrontal cortex. Classroom discipline issues often lead to academic difficulties, and neurofeedback training can improve executive function. Central stimulants such as methylphenidate hydrochloride need to be used under the supervision of a doctor, and behavior correction training requires parental cooperation.

4. Oppositional Deficit Disorder

The core feature is the persistent resistance to authority and intentional violation of rules, which is often caused by improper parenting styles or traumatic experiences. These adolescents are prone to developing behavioral problems, and family therapy requires rebuilding the parent-child communication model. The combination of social skills training and mindfulness therapy is more effective, but severe cases may require mood stabilizers such as risperidone.

5. Eating disorders

Neurogenic anorexia or bulimia are more common in adolescent women, and body image disorders are associated with excessive dieting behavior. Social media aesthetic pressure is an important trigger that may lead to physical problems such as electrolyte imbalances. Nutritional rehabilitation should be combined with cognitive correction therapy, and drugs such as fluoxetine can assist in improving emotional eating. Parents should regularly observe the emotional and behavioral changes of adolescents, maintain open communication, and reduce blame. Establishing a regular schedule and moderate exercise habits can help with psychological regulation, and schools should provide mental health courses. When there is a tendency towards self harm or impaired social functioning, it is necessary to immediately contact a psychiatrist for a systematic evaluation to avoid blindly using non professional psychological counseling methods. Early intervention can significantly improve the prognosis of most psychological disorders.