How to check for ovarian cancer

How to check for ovarian cancer, mainly through gynecological examination, imaging examination, tumor marker detection, and pathological biopsy for comprehensive judgment. Early symptoms of ovarian cancer are not obvious, and regular screening can help detect them early. It is recommended that women with related symptoms or high-risk factors seek medical attention in a timely manner.

1. Gynecological examination:

Gynecological examination is the basic means of screening ovarian cancer. Doctors touch the size, shape, and activity of the uterus and ovaries through double or triple diagnosis. If there are lumps with hard texture, uneven surface, or poor mobility in the ovarian area, one should be alert to the possibility of ovarian cancer. This type of examination can preliminarily determine whether there are abnormalities, but cannot diagnose them, and is usually used as the first step in screening. During the examination, it is recommended to relax the body and cooperate with the doctor's operation. If any abnormalities are found, further imaging examinations should be performed.

2. Imaging examination:

Imaging examination is an important method for detecting ovarian space occupying lesions. Transvaginal ultrasound examination can clearly display the morphology, size, and internal structure of the ovary. If a cystic solid mass, uneven thickness of the cyst wall, or papillary protrusion is found, it suggests the possibility of malignancy. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging can evaluate the extent of tumors, their relationship with surrounding tissues, and the presence of abdominal metastases. These examinations are non-invasive and reproducible, and are important criteria for diagnosis and staging. Before the examination, the bladder needs to be emptied and prepared according to the doctor's advice.

3. Tumor marker detection:

Blood sampling for tumor marker detection can assist in diagnosis. Carbohydrate antigen 125 is the most commonly used biomarker for ovarian cancer, and about 80% of ovarian epithelial cancer patients will experience elevation. However, some benign lesions such as endometriosis may also cause elevation, so it needs to be combined with other tests. The specificity of human epididymal protein 4 for ovarian cancer is high, and combined detection can improve diagnostic accuracy. These indicators cannot be diagnosed separately, but can be used for efficacy monitoring and recurrence warning. It is not necessary to fast before testing, but it is necessary to inform the doctor of any recent infections or inflammations.

4. Pathological biopsy:

Pathological biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosing ovarian cancer. Obtain ovarian tissue samples through surgery or puncture, observe cell morphology under a microscope, and determine the benign or malignant nature and specific type of tumor. Common methods include laparoscopic biopsy or tissue sampling during open surgery, and puncture biopsy is suitable for patients with ascites or pelvic masses. The biopsy results can guide subsequent treatment plans, such as whether chemotherapy or targeted therapy is needed. This examination needs to be performed by professional doctors in a regular hospital, and postoperative care should be taken to avoid infection.

5. Genetic testing:

Genetic testing is mainly used to assess genetic risk and guide treatment. For women with a family history of ovarian cancer or breast cancer, detection of BRCA1/BRCA2 gene mutation can predict the risk of disease. In addition, detecting the genetic mutation status of tumor tissue, such as HRD status, can help determine whether targeted drugs such as PARP inhibitors are suitable for use. Genetic testing is performed by drawing blood or tumor tissue samples, and the interpretation of the results needs to be done by a genetic counselor or oncologist. It is recommended to consult a doctor before testing to understand the significance and possible results of the test.

Daily attention should be paid to maintaining a healthy lifestyle, balanced diet, moderate exercise, and avoiding long-term exposure to harmful chemicals. If symptoms such as bloating, abdominal pain, menstrual abnormalities, or unexplained weight loss occur, it is necessary to seek medical attention promptly at a gynecology or oncology department. Regular physical examinations and gynecological ultrasound examinations can help detect ovarian lesions early, especially for women with a family history or high-risk factors. It is recommended to undergo relevant screening every six months to one year.