The difference and function of endorphins and dopamine

Endorphins and dopamine are two different neurotransmitters that play important roles in emotion regulation, motivational behavior, and pain management. Endorphins are mainly associated with pain relief and pleasure, while dopamine dominates the reward mechanism and motivation drive.

Endorphins belong to endogenous opioid peptides, secreted by the pituitary gland and hypothalamus, and released under conditions of exercise, pain stimulation, or stress. It can bind to opioid receptors, inhibit pain signal transmission, and produce analgesic effects similar to morphine. The relaxed and pleasant feeling that occurs after long-term running is called the runner's climax, which is the result of the action of endorphins. This substance can also alleviate anxiety and promote emotional stability, but excessive release may lead to reduced pain sensation. Dopamine is synthesized by neurons in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area of the midbrain, and regulates behavior through a reward prediction error mechanism. When unexpected rewards are obtained, dopamine neurons will explode and strengthen related behavioral memory. Gambling addiction or the inability to stop watching short videos are both related to the immediate feedback of dopamine. The bradykinesia symptoms observed in Parkinson's disease patients are caused by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Unlike endorphins, dopamine focuses more on anticipation before behavior rather than satisfaction itself. Maintaining regular exercise can balance the secretion of two substances, aerobic exercise promotes the release of endorphins, and goal achieving activities stimulate dopamine secretion. Be careful to avoid excessive reliance on short-term dopamine stimulation, and establish a healthy neurotransmitter regulation pattern by setting phased goals and cultivating long-term interests and hobbies. When experiencing sustained low mood or uncontrolled behavior, it is recommended to seek professional psychological assessment.